Former Fellow

Clifford Ando

Professor at the Department of Classics, History and Law at the University of Chicago

Research project:
Tolerance in Roman antiquity

Research project:
To what extent can we speak of tolerance and religious pluralism as a justification narrative in Roman antiquity? The fellowship deals with imperial Rome in the 3rd century and thus with a phase in which it is possible to observe how an increasingly monotheistic religion with universal claims established itself in a world in which the coexistence of different religions appeared to be a matter of course. The first persecutions of Christians took place during this period, and Christians also put forward arguments that play a major role in the history of the idea of tolerance. The Christians’ fight for their religious freedom was of great importance for later justification narratives of tolerance. For a time, allowing the worship of many gods was an important justification for imperial rule in a religiously diverse empire. What favored this new form of justification through religious pluralism and why did this phase end so quickly? These and other questions will be discussed in this research project.

Events:
Seminar with Prof. Dr. Hartmut Leppin, 15 July 2015, 3 p.m.
Tolerance in Antiquity

  • Biografische Angaben

    Clifford Ando is a professor in the Department of Classics, History and Law at the University of Chicago. His research focuses on the history of religion, law and statehood in the Roman Empire. He is particularly interested in the categories of citizenship, legal pluralism and tolerance as well as the relationship between civil law, public law and international law in the Roman legal tradition. Clifford Ando has been a fellow and visiting professor at universities in Canada, France, Germany, New Zealand, South Africa and the USA. He studied at Princeton and received his doctorate from the University of Michigan.
  • Publikationen

    Empire, state and communicative action, in: Christine Kuhn (Hrsg.), Politische Kommunikation und öffentliche Meinung in der antiken Welt, Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2012, S. 219-229. Die Riten der Anderen, in: Mediterraneo Antico 15.1-2 2012, S. 31-50. Pluralism and Empire, from Rome to Robert cover, in: Critical Analysis of Law: An International & Interdisciplinary Law Review 1 2014, S. 1-22.

News from the research center

Event
24.09.2026 | Frankfurt am Main

Die neuen Warlords. Gewaltdynamiken einhegen / Friedensgutachten 2026

Book Presentation

Die imperialistische Großmachtpolitik ändert die Vorzeichen von Krieg, Frieden und Sicherheit. Staaten agieren zunehmend wie Warlords und setzen Krieg als Mittel der Politik ein. Übergänge von Gewaltkonflikten zu Frieden werden als „Deals“ behandelt, Mittelmächte treten mit neuem Selbstbewusstsein, aber ambivalentem Kurs auf, und technologische Innovation verändert Kriege und erschwert die Regulierung. Zugleich befindet sich die internationale Kooperation in der Friedenssicherung in ihrer schwersten Krise. Das Friedensgutachten 2026 analysiert Optionen, dennoch Frieden zu fördern.

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Publication
23.07.2026 | Journal article

Governing the Subject of Populism

Biebricher, Thomas: "Governing the Subject of Populism". In: European Journal of Social Theory, OnlineFirst.

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Publication
15.07.2026 | Monograph

Das Recht der Gewalt. Warum Waffen allein keinen Frieden schaffen

Simon, Hendrik (2026): Das Recht der Gewalt. Warum Waffen allein keinen Frieden schaffen. Ditzingen: Reclam.

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Publication
10.07.2026 | Anthology

Schnittstellen im Gesundheitsrecht

Kießling, Andrea (Hrsg.) (2026): „Schnittstellen im Gesundheitsrecht“. Nomos.

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News
19.06.2026

International symposium honours the lifework of Jürgen Habermas

On Friday 19 June 2026, the Research Centre Normative Orders, in collaboration with Suhrkamp Verlag, paid tribute to the late Jürgen Habermas with an international symposium at Goethe University Frankfurt.

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Publication
13.06.2026 | Monograph

Identitätsbasierte Führung: Vom ICH zum WIR. Als Führungskraft gesunde und leistungsstarke Gruppen, Teams und Organisationen fördern

van Dick, Rolf; Kratzer, Benedik E., Steffens, Niklas K., Kerschreiter, Rudolf (2026): „Identitätsbasierte Führung: Vom ICH zum WIR. Als Führungskraft gesunde und leistungsstarke Gruppen, Teams und Organisationen fördern“. Springer Berlin.

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Publication
28.05.2026 | Monograph

Rethinking World Order: Political Ordering as Global Ecology

Hellmann, Gunther; Jacobi, Daniel (Hrsg.) (2026): „Rethinking World Order: Political Ordering as Global Ecology”. Bristol University Press

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Publication
21.05.2026 | Working Paper

EU Law’s Future in a Fraying International Legal Order

Armin von Bogdandy (2026)

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Publication
19.05.2026 | Journal article

Inclusive messaging from leadership reduces discriminatory attitudes and norms: A mixed-methods social identity analysis of a fitness facility

Cruwys, Tegan; Rathbone, Joanne. A.; Quayle, Anika; Butalia, Radhika; Hardacre, Stephanie. L.; van Dick, Rolf (2026): „Inclusive messaging from leadership reduces discriminatory attitudes and norms: A mixed-methods social identity analysis of a fitness facility”. In: British Journal of Social Psychology, 65.

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