Principal Investigator

Ayelet Shachar

Projects and positions at the research center
Head of the Leibniz Research Group “The Transformations of Citizenship”
Principal Investigator

Project management: No Alternative? Challenges to Democracy Today | Research Focus 1 – Contested Orders: The Future of Democracy

Subject areas
Law, political science

Main research
Ethnic, Immigration & Pluralism Studies

  • Biografische Angaben

    Since 2023: Member, Royal Society of Canada, Academy of Social Sciences (Academy II), Selection Committee

    2022-2023: Chair of Selection Committee, American Political Science Association (APSA) 2023 Benjamin E. Lippincott Award

    2021-present: R.F. Harney Chair and Director of Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies, University of Toronto

    Since 2020: Advisory Board Member, Oxford Studies of Migration and Citizenship Series, Oxford University Press

    2020: Visiting Scholar, Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics, Harvard University

    2019-2022: Advisory Board Member, Boundaries, Membership & Belonging Research Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) [Toronto, Canada]

    2018-2019; 2021-2022: Selection Committee Member, Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award

    2017-2022: Advisory Board Member, Centre for Ethics, Economy and Social Change, Max Planck-Cambridge (Max-Cam), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom

    2016-2020: Founding Co-Chair, Max Planck Research Initiative on Migration, Integration and Exclusion

    2015-2020: Director, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic

    Editorial Board Member, Journal of Politics

    2010-2013: Editorial Board Member, Citizenship Studies

    Since 2009: Advisory Board Member, Law & Ethics of Human Rights

    2009-2015: Editorial Board Member, University of Toronto Law Journal

    Since 2008: Editorial Board Member, Ethnicities

    2008: Distinguished Visiting Professor, USC Gould School of Law

    2007-2015: Canada Research Chair in Citizenship and Multiculturalism

    2007-2008: Jeremiah Smith Jr. Visiting Professor, Harvard Law School

    2006-2007: Leah Kaplan Visiting Professor in Human Rights, Stanford Law School
    2004-2007: Associate Professor in Law and Political Science, University of Toronto

    2003: Distinguished Visiting Scholar, Program in Law and Public Affairs, Princeton University

    1997: Doctor of the Science of Law (J.S.D.), Yale University, United States (supervisors Jack Balkin, Reva Siegel, Bruce Ackerman)

    1995-1997: Dr. of the Science of Law (J.S.D.), 1995-1997, Yale Law School, Yale University, United States

    1994-1995: LL.M. Law; Yale Law School, Yale University, United States

  • Publikationen

    2022
    Ayelet Shachar (2022): “Instruments of Evasion: The Global Dispersion of Rights-Restricting Migration Policies”, California Law Review 110 (2022), 967-1009.
    Ayelet Shachar (2022): “Reply to My Critics” (Symposium on The Shifting Border), European Journal of Political Theory 21 (2022), 615-623.
    Ayelet Shacha (2022): “Solidarity in Place? Hope and Despair in Postpandemic Membership”, Ethics & International Affairs, 36, 487-504.

    2021
    Shachar, Ayelet; Mahmood, Aaqib (2021): “The Body as the Border: A New Era”, Historical Social Research, 46, 124-150.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2021): “Unequal Access: Wealth as Barrier and Accelerator to Citizenship”, Citizenship Studies, 25, 543-563.

    2020
    Shachar, Ayelet (2020): “Beyond Open and Closed Borders: The Grand Transformation of Citizenship”, Jurisprudence, 11, 1-27.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2020): “Borders in Time of COVID-19”, Ethics & International Affairs Online Exclusive.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2020): “On the Verge of Citizenship: Negotiating Religion and Gender Equality” In Oxford Handbook on Global Legal Pluralism. Paul Schiff Berman, ed. (Oxford University Press), 1017-1043.
    Shachar, Ayelet; Hirschl, Ran (2020): Spatial statism: A rejoinder, in: International Journal of Constitutional Law, 18:1, S. 45–50.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2020): The Shifting Border: Legal Cartographies of Migration and Mobility. Critical Power Series. Manchester University Press.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2020): “Wide Angle – Shifting Borders: Invisible, But Very Real”, The UNESCO Courier: A Whole New World, Reimagined by Women, 2, 32-34. (This article appeared in English, French, Spanish, Russian, Arabic and Chinese.)

    2019
    Shachar, Ayelet (2019): “Disruptive Innovation: Family Migration and Gender Justice,” Jerusalem Review of Legal Studies, 20:1, S. 13–33.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2019): “Migrating Borders/Bordering Migration”. In Berkeley Journal of International Law 37, 37:1, S. 93–151.
    Hirschl, Ran; Shachar, Ayelet (2019): “Spatial Statism”. In International Journal of Constitutional Law 17, 17:2, S. 387–438.

    2018
    Hirschl, Ran; Shachar, Ayelet (2018): “Competing Orders? The Challenge of Religion to Modern Constitutionalism.” The University of Chicago Law Review 85, S. 425-455.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2018): “‘Religious Talk’ in Narratives of Membership”. In Constitutional Democracies in Crisis? Mark Graber, Sanford Levinson and Mark Tushnet, eds. Oxford University Press, 515-531.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2018): “The Marketization of Citizenship in an Age of Restrictionism.” Ethics and International Affairs 32, S. 3-13.

    2017
    Shachar, Ayelet (2017): “Citizenship for Sale?” In Ayelet Shachar, Rainer Bauböck, Irene Bloemraad and Maarten Vink (eds.) Oxford Handbook of Citizenship. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 789-816.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2017): “Constituting Citizens: Oath, Gender, Religious Attire.” In Richard Albert and David Cameron (eds.) Canada and the World: Comparative Perspectives on the Canadian Constitution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 98-122.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2017): “Introduction: Citizenship – Quo Vadis?” In Ayelet Shachar, Rainer Bauböck, Irene Bloemraad and Maarten Vink (eds.) Oxford Handbook of Citizenship. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 3-11.
    Shachar, Ayelet; Bauböck, Rainer; Bloemraad, Irene; Vink, Maarten (2017): The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship. Oxford University Press.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2017): “The Reinvention of Territoriality: Legal Cartographies of Borders and Migration Control”. Max Planck Society Yearbook.

    2016
    Shachar, Ayelet (2016): “Faith in law? Diffusing tensions between diversity and equality.” In: Seyla Benhabib and Volker Kaul (eds.) Toward New Democratic Imaginaries – İstanbul Seminars on Islam, Culture and Politics. Wiesbaden: Springer, pp. 315-329.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2016): “Selecting by Merit: The Brave New World of Stratified Mobility.” In: Sarah Fine and Lea Ypi (eds.) Migration in Political Theory: The Ethics of Movement and Mobility. Oxford University Press, pp. 175-201.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2016): “Squaring the Circle of Multiculturalism? Religious Freedom and Gender Equality in Canada.” Law and Ethics of Human Rights 10, S. 31-69.

    2015
    Shachar, Ayelet (2015): “Law, Religion and Gender.” In: Silvio Ferrari (ed.) Routledge Handbook of Law and Religion. Routledge, pp. 321-336.
    Shachar, Ayelet; Brahm Levey, Geoffrey (2015): The Politics of Citizenship in Immigrant Democracies: The Experience of the United States, Canada, and Australia. Routledge.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2015): “The Search for Equal Membership in the Age of Terror.” In: Edward M. Iacobucci and Stephen J. Toope (eds.) After the Paris Attacks: Responses in Canada, Europe and Around the World. University of Toronto Press, pp. 65-73.

    2014
    Shachar, Ayelet (2014): “Citizenship and the ‘Right to Have Rights'” Citizenship Studies 18, S. 114-124.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2014): “Dangerous Liaisons: Money and Citizenship” in Ayelet Shachar and Rainer Bauböck (eds.) Should Citizenship be for Sale? EUI Working Paper RSCAS 1/2014. European University Institute. Greek translation appeared in Review of Immigration Law 3 (2014), 123-129.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2014): “Family Matters: Is there Room for ‘Culture’ in the Courtroom?” In: Will Kymlicka, Matt Matravers and Claes Lernestedt (eds.) Criminal Law and Cultural Diversity. Oxford University Press, pp. 119-152.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2014): “On Citizenship, States, and Markets.” Journal of Political Philosophy 22, S. 231-257.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2014): “The Constitutional Boundaries of Religious Accommodation.” In: Susanna Mancini and Michel Rosenfeld (eds.) Constitutional Secularism in an Age of Religious Revival. Oxford University Press, pp.175-191.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2014): “When Law Meets Diversity: Implications for Women’s Equal Citizenship”. In Routledge International Handbook of Diversity Studies. Steven Vertovec, ed. Routledge, 234-244.

    2013
    Shachar, Ayelet; Hirschl, Ran (2013): “Entailed Citizenship.” In: John Cunliffe and Guido Erreygers (eds.) Inherited Wealth, Justice and Equality. Routledge, pp. 81-97.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2013): “Entangled: Family, Religion and Human Rights.” In: Cindy Holder and David Reidy (eds.) Human Rights: The Hard Questions. Cambridge University Press, pp. 115-135.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2013): “Immigration Policy-Setting as a Competitive Scramble among Jurisdictions”. In Wanted and Welcome? Highly Skilled Immigration Policies in Comparative. Perspective Phil Triadafilopoulos, ed. (Springer), 85-104.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2013): “Interpretation Sections of the Charter (Art. 27 & 28)” In The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms/Charte canadienne des droits et libertés. Errol Mendes and Stéphane Beaulac, eds. (5th ed, Lexis/Nexis), 147-190.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2013): “Jenseits von Blut und Boden: Staatsbürgerliche Zugehörigkeit unter den Bedingungen der Globalisierung” (Mosse-Lectures an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). In Staatsbürgerschaft: Rechtliche, Soziale, Kulturelle und Politische Grenzwerte. Klaus R. Scherpe and Elisabeth Wagner, eds. (Vorwerk 8), 61-74.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2013): “Multiculturalism.” In: Gregory Claeys (ed.) Encyclopedia of Modern Political Thought. Sage/CQ Press.
    Shachar, Ayelet; Hirschl, Ran (2013): “Recruiting ‘Super Talent’: The New World of Selective Migration Regimes” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 20, S. 71-107.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2013): “Talent Matters: Immigration Policy-Setting as a Competitive Scramble among Jurisdictions.” In: Phil Triadafilopoulos (ed.) Wanted and Welcome? Hightly-Skilled Immigration Policies in Comparative Perspective. Springer, pp. 85-104.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2013): “The Missing Link: Rootedness as a Basis for Membership.” In: Sigal Ben-Porath and Rogers M. Smith (eds.) Varieties of Sovereignty and Citizenship. University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 124-146.

    2012
    Shachar, Ayelet (2012): “Citizenship” In: Andras Sajo and Michel Rosenfeld (eds.) Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law. Oxford University Press, pp. 1002-1019.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2012): “Demystifying Culture.” I-CON International Journal of Constitutional Law 10, S. 429-448.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2012): “Highly Skilled Immigration: The New Frontier of International Labor Migration.” ASIL (American Society of International Law) Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting, S. 415-419.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2012): “Just Membership: Between Ideals and Harsh Realities.” Les Ateliers de l’ethique/The Ethics Forum 7, S. 70-87.

    2011
    Shachar, Ayelet (2011): “Earned Citizenship: Property Lessons for Immigration Reform”. In Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities 22, S. 110-158.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2011): “Picking Winners: Olympic Citizenship and Global Race for Talent”. In Yale Law Journal 120, S. 2088-2139.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2011): “The Birthright Lottery: Response to Interlocutors”. In Issues in Legal Scholarship 9.

    2010
    Shachar, Ayelet (2010): “Freedom of the Dress: Religion and Women’s Rights in Secular States”. In Harvard International Review 32, S. 53-59.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2010): “Global Gender Inequality and the Empowerment of Women”. In Perspectives on Politics 8, S. 279-281.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2010): “The Return of the Repressed: Constitutionalism, Pluralism and Religion”. In International Journal of Constitutional Law 8, S. 665-670.

    2009
    Shachar, Ayelet (2009): Multicultural Jurisdictions: Cultural Differences and Women’s Rights. Cambridge University Press.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2009): The Birthright Lottery: Citizenship and Global Inequality. Harvard University Press.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2009): “The Future of National Citizenship: Going, Going, Gone?” In University of Toronto Law Journal 59, S. 579-590.
    Hirschl, Ran; Shachar, Ayelet (2009): “The New Wall of Separation: Permitting Diversity, Restricting Competition”. In Cardozo Law Review 30, S. 2535-2560.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2009): “What We Owe Women? The View from Multicultural Feminism”. In Toward a Humanist Justice: The Work of Susan Moller Okin. Debra Satz and Rob Reich, eds. Oxford University Press, 143-165.

    2008
    Shachar, Ayelet (2008): “Citizenship and Global Distribution of Opportunity”. In Citizenship between Past and Future. [Special volume celebrating the 10th year anniversary of Citizenship Studies]. Engin F. Isin, Peter Nyres and Bryan Turner, eds. Routledge, 139-149.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2008): “Privatizing Diversity: A Cautionary Tale from Religious Arbitration in Family Law,” In Theoretical Inquiries in Law 9, S. 573-607.

    2007
    Shachar, Ayelet (2007): “Against Birthright Privilege: Re-defining Citizenship as Property”. In Identities, Affiliations, and Allegiances. Seyla Benhabib, Ian Shapiro, and Danilo Petranovic, eds. Cambridge University Press, 257-281.
    Shachar, Ayelet; Hirschl, Ran (2007): “Citizenship as Inherited Property”. In Political Theory 35, 253-287.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2007): “Feminism and Multiculturalism: Mapping the Terrain”. In Cultural Diversity and Political Theory. David Owen and Anthony Laden, eds. Cambridge University Press, 115-148.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2007): “The Shifting Border of Immigration Regulation”. In Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties 3, 165-193.
    Shachar, Ayelet (2007): “The ‘Worth’ of Citizenship in an Unequal World”. In Theoretical Inquiries in Law 8, 367-388.

News from the research center

Event
15.10.2025 | Frankfurt am Main

Aufrecht. Überleben im Zeitalter der Extreme

Book Presentation

In ihrem jüngsten Werk begibt sich Lea Ypi auf eine Reise in die Vergangenheit ihrer Familie und verknüpft persönliche Erinnerungen mit den großen politischen und gesellschaftlichen Umbrüchen des 20. Jahrhunderts. Das Forschungszentrum Normative Ordnungen lädt gemeinsam mit dem Netzwerk FrauenmitFormat, dem Honorarkonsulat der Republik Albanien in Frankfurt am Main und dem Suhrkamp Verlag herzlich zur Vorstellung des neuen Buches von Prof. Dr. Lea Ypi mit anschließender Diskussionsrunde mit Prof. Dr. Lea Ypi, Honorarkonsulin Dr. Jonela Hoxhaj und Prof. Dr. Rainer Forst unter der Moderation von Rebecca C. Schmidt ein.

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Publication
02.09.2025 | Journal article

Beyond Myth Busting: How Engagement with Ethical Dilemmas Can Improve Debates and Policymaking on Migration

Schmid, Lukas; Ruhs, Martin; Bauböck, Rainer; Mourão Permoser, Julia (2025): "Beyond Myth Busting: How Engagement with Ethical Dilemmas Can Improve Debates and Policymaking on Migration". In: Ethics & International Affairs, 39 (1), S. 26-36.

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Publication
01.09.2025 | Journal article

Roundtable: Ethical Dilemmas and Migration Policymaking

Schmid, Lukas; Ruhs, Martin; Bauböck Rainer, Mourão Permoser, Julia (Hrsg.) (2025): "Roundtable: Ethical Dilemmas and Migration Policymaking". In: Ethics & International Affairs, 39 (1)

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Event
17.09.2025 | Frankfurt am Main

Frieden retten! Friedensgutachten 2025

Book Presentation

Der Frieden ist auf dem Rückzug: Russlands Krieg in der Ukraine destabilisiert Europa, der Krieg in Gaza stürzt den Nahen Osten in Leid und Gewalt, und im Sudan hat der Konflikt die größte humanitäre Katastrophe der Welt ausgelöst. Zugleich fällt der globale Stabilitätsanker USA aus. Das Friedensgutachten 2025 zeigt, warum Europa selbst für seine Sicherheit und Verteidigung sorgen und zugleich am Ziel des Friedens festhalten muss.

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News
31.07.2025

Shaping the future - a review

As part of the exhibition "Fixing Futures. Planetary futures between speculation and control", our four-part lecture series "Shaping the future - between climate change, technology and social responsibility" took place.

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News
30.07.2025

What remains of "1968" - event review

What can we learn from the 1968 movement for our own time and where do we perhaps need new ideas and utopias? The event "Utopia and awakening of the 1968ers - What remains of political rebellion and individual self-liberation" on July 14, 2025 at the Historisches Museum was dedicated to these questions

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News
10.07.2025

Impressions from the Crisis Talk "Europe in a multipolar world"

The Crisis Talk "Europe in a multipolar world - How can the EU meet the challenges of major powers?" held on July 1, 2025 at the Representation of the State of Hesse to the European Union was dedicated to the question of how the EU should shape its influence and assume its responsibilities in this international environment.

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News
08.07.2025

Reflections on the defense of democracy - Two crises of democracy

The challenges are global, but we still act nationally. In addition, we lack the terms to orient ourselves politically and normatively. An article by Rainer Forst in the FR about the two crises of democracy.

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News
01.07.2025

How the erosion of modern governments threatens our future - Impressions from Jeffrey Kopstein's lecture

On June 16, Jeffrey Kopstein, Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Irvine, gave a public lecture entitled "Trump and the Assault on the State" at the Research Centre Normative Orders. The starting point of his presentation was the observation that attacks on modern statehood are increasing in many countries: Politicians are coming to power who deliberately want to weaken or even destroy central institutions.

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